ZOO 200 EXAM 2 OBJECTIVES
Muscle and Nerve Tissue
1. Compare the locations, microscopic appearance, nervous
control, and functions of the three kinds of muscle tissue.
2. Describe the structural features and functions of
nervous tissue; describe the basic structure and function of the neuron.
3. Differentiate between neural gray matter and white
matter in terms of structure and function.
Glands and Membranes
1.
Define and
describe the functions of exocrine glands and endocrine gland. Give
examples of each.
2.
Describe the
three modes of glandular secretion; give specific examples for each.
3.
Describe the
structure of exocrine glands; including the concepts of unicellular glands and
the various types of multicellular glands. Which
types of exocrine glands don't secrete into ducts?
4.
What membrane
exists at the cell-level of organization? Tissue level?
5.
Define and
describe the three types of organ-level membranes in terms of structure,
function, and location. Give examples of each.
Integumentary System
1.
Organization:
name the two main layers of the skin, the two layers below the skin, and the
four categories of integumentary system accessory
structures.
2.
Name five layers
of the epidermis.Describe cell types and general functions of each of the
following: stratum germinativum, s. spinosum, and s. corneum. What are some
important intercellular connections found in the epidermis?
3.
Name the two major layers of the dermis;
describe each in terms of in terms of structure and function.
4.
What factors
and/or cells are responsible for the pigmentation of the skin?;
where in the skin are the pigments found? What is the function of the
pigmentation?
5.
Which accessory
structures of the integumentary system are considered
to be "epidermal derivatives"?
6.
Hair: describe
the structure, location, and function of hair and fair follicles; discuss the
structure and functions of these three structures associated with hair: dermal
papillae, sebaceous glands, arrector
pili muscles; describe the growth cycle of
hair.
7.
Skin glands:
describe the structure, location, and function of five exocrine glands
associated with the skin.
8.
Describe the
structure, function, and location of three sensory receptors associated with
the skin.
Skeletal System
1.
Name four
structures, each at the organ level of organization, that are
the major components of the skeletal system. Briefly describe the basic
functions of each structure.
2.
What are the
major functions of the skeletal system?
3.
Describe how
bones are classified on the basis of structure. Give examples of "long
bones" and examples from each of the five "other bone"
sub-categories.
4.
What are sesamoid bones? Wormian
bones?
5.
Describe the
structure of "long bones", including the following: epiphyses, diaphysis, articular cartilage, periosteum, medullary cavity, and
the location within long bones of spongy & compact osseous tissue.
6.
Describe intramembranous ossification; give examples. Of what
advantage to a baby (and mother) is this type of ossification?
7.
Describe the
process of endochondral ossification.
8.
Compare the
process of bone elongation with appositional growth. How does exercise affect
each process?
9.
What are factors
that regulate bone growth?
10.
Describe the
basic change that occurs in the skeletal system with age. Compare the change
seen in men and women.
11.
What evidence
exists that the anatomical change in the skeletal system that occurs with age
affects skeletal system function?
12.
12. Define
osteoporosis; discuss the modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors. What are
the classic symptoms? How may the incidence of osteoporosis within a population
be reduced?
13.
Describe the
anatomy and function of intervertebral disks. What are herniated disks? Where
are they most likely to occur? Why? Why is the pain associated with a herniated
disk often in an arm or leg?
14.
Describe the four
curvatures of the spinal column & their development and functions.
15.
Describe the
arches of the foot; how are they maintained? What are their functions?
16.
Identify the
facial and cranial bones of the skull
17.
Identify the
major sutures and fontanels of the skull.
18.
Name and locate
the paranasal sinuses. Functions?
19.
Identify the
bones of the vertebral column. Describe a typical vertebra. Distinguish between
the three classes of vertebrae.
20.
Identify the
bones of the thorax.
21.
Identify the
bones of the pectoral girdle.
22.
What bones make
up the upper extremity?
23.
Identify the
bones of the pelvic girdle.
24.
What are the
major structural differences between male and female skeletons?
25.
What bones make
up the lower extremity?
Articulations
1.
Define
“articulation”.
2.
What are the three
functional categories of articulations?
3.
Give specific
structural categories of articulations within the “immovable” and “slightly
movable” functional categories. Give specific examples.
4.
Describe the
basic structure of a synovial joint, including associated
structures. What is a labrum? meniscus? bursa? What are their functions? Give examples of synovial joints that contain these structures.
5.
Define each of
these movements: gliding; flexion/extension/hyperextension;
abduction/adduction; circumduction; rotation
(left/right, lateral/medial); pronation/supination; inversion/eversion; dorsiflexion/plantar
flexion; opposition; protraction; elevation/depression; lateral flexion.
6.
What are the six
structural categories of synovial joints? Describe
the movements possible at each. What anatomical features restrict and/or allow
range of movement at these joints?
7.
What is
arthritis? What are the two major types of arthritis? What characterizes
each?
Muscular System
1.
What are the
functions of the muscular system?
2.
Describe the structure of a skeletal muscle, including the sacromeres within a skeletal muscle fiber and the
arrangement of fibers into fascicles.
3.
What is the
structure and function of the endomysium, perimysium, and epimysium? What is
the relationship of these structures to a tendon?
4.
What is the
relationship of a tendon with the periosteum of a
bone?
5.
How do muscles
create movements at joints? .
6.
Describe four
ways by which fascicles are arranges in muscles; know how the different
arrangements are correlated with strength of contraction & range of motion
7.
Describe, using
the abduction of the arm as an example, how muscles interact to create smooth
movements. Define prime mover, antagonist, synergist and fixator
muscles.
8.
Describe the various ways by which muscles are
named.
9.
Know the
location, origin, insertion, and actions of the muscles listed on the separate
handout!