Glands and Membranes

 

  1. Define and describe the functions of exocrine glands and endocrine gland. Give examples of each.
  2. Describe the three modes of glandular secretion; give specific examples for each.
  3. Describe the structure of exocrine glands; including the concepts of unicellular glands and the various types of multicellular glands Which types of exocrine glands don’t secrete into ducts?
  4. What membrane exists at the cell-level of organization? Tissue level?
  5. Define and describe the three types of organ-level membranes in terms of  structure, function, and location. Give examples of each.

 

Integumentary System

 

  1. Organization: name the two main layers of the skin, the two layers below the skin, and the four categories of integumentary system accessory structures.
  2. Name five layers of the epidermis; which layer is found only in the thickest skin? describe cell types and general functions of each of the following: stratum germinativum, s. spinosum, and s. corneum.  What are some important intercellular connections found in the epidermis?  
  3. Name the two major layers of the dermis; describe each in terms of in terms of structure and function.   
  4. What factors and/or cells are responsible for the pigmentation of the skin?; where in the skin are the pigments found? What is the function of the pigmentation?
  5. Which accessory structures of the integumentary system are considered to be “epidermal derivatives”?
  6. Hair: describe the structure, location, and function of hair and fair follicles; discuss the structure and functions of these three structures associated with hair: dermal papillae, sebaceous glands, arrector pili muscles; describe the growth cycle of hair.
  7. Skin glands: describe the structure, location, and function of five exocrine glands associated with the skin.
  8. Describe the structure, function, and location of three sensory receptors associated with the skin.   

 

The Skeletal System

 

  1. Name four structures, each at the organ level of organization, that are the major components of the skeletal system. Briefly describe the basic functions of each structure.
  2. What are the major functions of the skeletal system?
  3. Describe how bones are classified on the basis of structure. Give examples of “long bones” and examples from each of the five “other bone” sub-categories. What are sesamoid bones? Wormian bones?   
  4. Describe the structure of  “long bones”, including the following: epiphyses, diaphysis, articular cartilage, periosteum, medullary cavity, and the location within long bones of spongy & compact osseous tissue.
  5. Describe intramembranous ossification; give examples. Of what advantage to a baby (and mother) is this type of ossification? 
  6. Describe the process of endochondral ossification
  7. Compare the process of bone elongation with appositional growth. How does exercise affect each process?
  8. What are factors that regulate bone growth?
  9. Describe the basic change that occurs in the skeletal system with age. Compare the change seen in men and women.
  10. What evidence exists that the anatomical change in the skeletal system that occurs with age affects skeletal system function?
  11. Define osteoporosis; discuss the modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors. What are the classic symptoms? How may the incidence of osteoporosis within a population be reduced?
  12. Describe the anatomy and function of intervertebral disks. What are herniated disks? Where are they most likely to occur? Why? Why is the pain associated with a herniated disk often in an arm or leg?    
  13. Describe the four curvatures of the spinal cord & their development and functions.
  14. Describe the arches of the foot; how are they maintained? What are their functions?

 

The Axial Skeleton

 

1.       Identify the facial and cranial bones of the skull

2.       Identify the major sutures and fontanels of the skull.

3.       Name and locate the paranasal sinuses. Functions?

4.       Identify the bones of the vertebral column. Describe a typical vertebra. Distinguish between the three classes of vertebrae.

5.       Identify the bones of the thorax.

 

The Appendicular Skeleton

 

1.       Identify the bones of the pectoral girdle.

2.       What bones make up the upper extremity?

3.       Identify the bones of the pelvic girdle.

4.       What are the major structural differences between male and female skeletons?

5.       What bones make up the lower extremity?

 

Articulations

 

  1. Define “articulation”.
  2. What are the three functional categories of articulations?
  3. Give specific structural categories of articulations within the “immovable” and “slightly movable” functional categories. Give specific examples.
  4. Describe the basic structure of a synovial joint, including associated structures. What is a labrum? meniscus? bursa? What are their functions? Give examples of synovial joints that contain these structures.   
  5. What are the six structural categories of synovial joints? Describe the movements possible at each. What anatomical features restrict and/or allow range of movement at these joints?
  6. Define each of these movements: gliding; flexion/extension/hyperextension; abduction/adduction; circumduction; rotation (left/right, lateral/medial); pronation/supination;  inversion/eversion; dorsiflexion/plantar flexion; opposition; protraction; elevation/depression; lateral flexion.
  7. What is arthritis? What are the two major types of arthritis? What characterizes each?  

 

Muscular System

 

1.       What are the functions of the muscular system?

2.       Describe the structure of  a skeletal muscle, including the sacromeres within a skeletal muscle fiber and the arrangement of fibers into fascicles. What is the structure and function of the endomysium, perimysium, and epimysium? What is the relationship of these structures to a tendon? What is the relationship of a tendon with the periosteum of  a bone?

3.      How do muscles create movements at joints?

 

4.         

5.       Describe four ways by which fascicles are arranges in muscles; know how the different arrangements are correlated with strength of contraction & range of motion.

6.       Describe how are muscles and bones are arranged as lever systems. Compare a 3rd class lever with a 1st and 2nd class lever; which is by far the most common in the body? What is the main advantage of a 3rd class lever over the other two?

7.       Describe, using the abduction of the arm as an example, how muscles interact to create smooth movements. Define prime mover, antagonist, synergist and fixator muscles.

8.       Describe the various ways by which muscles are named.

9.       Know the location, origin, insertion, and actions of the muscles listed on the separate handout!