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| 1 |
Which of the following would NOT be part of a lymphatic pathway? |
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spleen |
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tonsils |
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lymph nodes |
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all of these |
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a and b |
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| 2 |
After a meal of burgers and fries, lymph flowing through which duct would have the highest fat content? |
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left lymphatic (thoracic) duct |
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right lymphatic duct |
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both would have lymph with the same fat contentt |
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none of these |
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| 3 |
Which of the following helps with lymph flow? |
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skeletal muscle contractions |
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respiratory movements |
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ventricular contractions |
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all of these |
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a and b |
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| 4 |
Belonging both the lymphatic system and the endocrine system: |
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spleen |
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Peyer's patches |
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thymus |
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all of these |
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a and c |
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| 5 |
A bacterium within the interstitial fluid would more likely enter |
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blood capillaries |
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lymphatic capillaries |
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intracellular spaces |
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none of these |
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| 6 |
The spinal nerves are considered to be a component of the |
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peripheral nervous system |
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central nervous system |
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spinal cord |
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none of these |
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b and c |
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| 7 |
Which of the following is/are purely sensory? |
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sciatic nerve |
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olfactory nerve |
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median nerve |
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facial nerve |
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all of these are sensory nerves |
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| 8 |
If one develops an inability to constrict the pupil, the problem might be with the ____________ division of the nervous system |
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somatic |
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parasympathetic |
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sympathetic |
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afferent |
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none of these |
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| 9 |
If the dorsal root of a spinal nerve were severed: |
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motor control of some skeletal muscles would be impaired |
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motor control of some organs would be impaired |
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some incoming sensory information would be disrupted |
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the brain stem would not be able to process any sensory information |
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the brain would not be able to communicate with that level of the spinal cord from which the spinal nerve emerges |
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| 10 |
If the association cortex in the temporal lobe were damaged, what symptoms might one expect to observe? |
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inability to reason |
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deafness |
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inability to attach meaning to sounds |
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inabiliy to attach meaning to touch |
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loss of motor speech functions |
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| 11 |
Damage to the cortex of the pre-central gyrus would interfere with: |
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somatic motor functions on the opposite side of the body |
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perception of tactile stimuli from the skin |
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interpretation of visual information |
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memory |
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homeostasis |
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| 12 |
If the interventricular
foramina were blocked, cerebral spinal fluid could not move from the: |
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fourth ventricle to the subarachnoid space |
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lateral ventricles to the third ventricle |
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third ventricle to the fourth ventricle |
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arachnoid villi to superior sagittal sinus |
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none of these |
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| 13 |
The axons whose cell bodies are in the substantia nigra terminate in the: |
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cerebellum |
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cerebral cortex |
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basal ganglia |
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midbrain |
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thalamus |
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| 14 |
Which of the following is NOT associated with a choroid plexus? |
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cerebral aqueduct |
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lateral ventricle |
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interventricular foramen |
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none of these are associated with a choroid plexus |
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a and c only |
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| 15 |
Damage to nuclei in this structure may lead to a complete loss of appetite: |
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thalamus |
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corpora quadragemina |
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hypothalamus |
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pineal |
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occipital lobe |
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| 16 |
Which of the following is an "ascending tract"? |
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anterior corticospinal |
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rubrospinal |
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lateral spinothalamic |
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all of these |
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a and b only |
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| 17 |
Which of the following is a tract of the pyramidal system? |
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fasciculus cuneatus |
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rubropinal |
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spinocerebellar |
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lateral corticospinal |
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none of these |
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| 18 |
Most pyramidal tract impulses cross over to the opposite side at the level of the: |
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pons |
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midbrain |
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diencephalon |
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thalamus |
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none of these |
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| 19 |
If the hippocampus began to degenerate, what would be some early symptoms? |
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loss of olfaction (smell) |
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paralysis on the opposite side of the body |
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loss of memory |
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numbness on the opposite side of the body |
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none of these |
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| 20 |
The primary motor cortex has the greatest amount of
gray matter dedicated to the control of: |
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the arms and legs |
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the face and hands |
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the stomach and small intestine |
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the lungs and heart |
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the cerebellum and medulla oblongata |
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| 21 |
A brain structure that secretes the hormone melatonin: |
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pituitary |
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pineal |
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pyramids |
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hypothalamus |
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hippocampus |
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| 22 |
The corpus callosum is composed of |
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gray matter |
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white matter |
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connective tissue |
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epithelial tissue |
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none of these |
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| 23 |
During sleep, nerve impulses that stimulate the cerebral cortex into a dream state originate in the: |
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thalamus |
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pineal |
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hypothalamus |
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corpora quadrigemina |
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pons |
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| 24 |
Reflex centers that allow for the orientation of the eyes and head towards sounds and lights are found in the |
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superior and inferior colliculi |
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corpora quadrigemina |
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pons |
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all of these |
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a and b only |
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| 25 |
A major relay station for sensory impulses that reach the cerebral cortex: |
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thalamus |
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hypothalamus |
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corpus callosum |
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substantia nigra |
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medulla oblongata |
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| 26 |
The flat ridges found between the grooves on the surface of the cerebrum are known as: |
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tracts |
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gyri |
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sulci |
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nuclei |
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peduncles |
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| 27 |
Cerebral spinal fluid is found between: |
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the dura mater and arachnoid membrane |
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the arachnoid membrane and pia mater |
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the pia mater and the surface of the brain & spinal cord |
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all of these |
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none of these |
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| 28 |
If the brachial plexus were damaged, one would NOT expect disruption in the function of which nerve? |
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median |
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ulnar |
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phrenic |
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musculocutaneous |
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radial |
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| 29 |
Which of the following spinal nerves does NOT contribute to a plexus? |
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C4 |
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C8 |
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T5 |
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L4 |
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S1 |
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| 30 |
The circle of Willis receives blood from the |
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basilar artery |
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external carotid |
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internal carotid |
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all of these |
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a and c only |
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| 31 |
Which of the following cranial nerves is sympathetic? |
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optic |
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trochlear |
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vagus |
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hypoglossal |
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none of these |
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| 32 |
Spinal nerve L4 would contain: |
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sensory axons |
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somatic motor axons |
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sympathetic motor axons |
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all of these |
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a and b only |
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| 33 |
If the lumbar plexus were damaged, which muscle(s) would most likely be affected? |
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quadriceps femoris |
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gastrocnemius |
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hamstrings |
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soleus |
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b and c |
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| 34 |
The axons of lower motor neurons may be found in: |
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dorsal root ganglia |
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the primary motor cortex |
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the anterior horn of the spinal cord |
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the posterior horn of the spinal cord |
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sympathetic ganglia |
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| 35 |
In an adult, the spinal cord terminates nearest: |
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the coccyx |
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the middle of the sacrum |
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the 5th lumbar vertebra |
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the 2nd lumbar vertebra |
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the 12th thoracic vertebra |
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| 36 |
A damaged amygdala may disrupt: |
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basic emotions |
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olfaction |
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somatosensory function |
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non-REM sleep |
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none of these |
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| 37 |
Autonomic ganglia that are situated close to the vertebral column are associated with the: |
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somatic nervous system |
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parasympathetic nervous system |
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sympathetic nervous system |
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none of these |
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| 38 |
An autonomic nerve impulse slows
the heart would emerge from the CNS at the level of the |
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brain stem |
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cervical spinal cord |
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thoracic spinal cord |
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lumbar spinal cord |
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none of these |
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| 39 |
Which cranial nerve would be involved with
elevation of the eyeball (i.e. looking
up towards your forehead)? |
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II (optic) |
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III (oculomotor) |
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IV (trochlear) |
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VI (abducens) |
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VII (facial) |
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| 40 |
Which cranial nerve(s) are sensory for taste? |
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VII (facial) |
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IX (glossopharyngeal) |
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X (vagus) |
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all of these |
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a and b |
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| 41 |
An autonomic neuron that does NOT release the neurotransmitter acetylcholine: |
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preganglionic sympathetic |
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preganglionic parasympathetic |
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postganglionic sympathetic |
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postganglionic parasympathetic |
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| 42 |
Which endocrine gland is innervated by sympathetic neurons? |
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adrenal medulla |
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adrenal cortex |
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thyroid gland |
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parathyroid gland |
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thymus |
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| 43 |
If this cranial nerve were damaged, we would not be able to speak. |
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trochlear (IV) |
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facial (VII) |
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hypoglossal (XII) |
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accessory (XI) |
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abducens (VI) |
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| 44 |
If this cranial nerve were damaged, we would not be able to smile. |
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trigeminal (V) |
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facial (VII) |
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glossopharyngeal (IX) |
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vagus (X) |
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none of these |
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| 45 |
Branches of this cranial nerve are deadened with lidocaine when we have a cavity filled at the dentist. |
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trigeminal (V) |
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facial (VII) |
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glossopharyngeal (IX) |
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vagus (X) |
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accessory (XI) |
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| 46 |
Which of the following would be a sympathetic response? |
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dilation of the pupil |
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penile or clitoral erection |
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stomach contractions |
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all of these |
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a and b |
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| 47 |
Which autonomic division has preganglionic fibers that synapse with many postganglionic neurons that pass to many, often widespread, effectors? |
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sympathetic |
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parasympathetic |
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both |
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neither |
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| 48 |
Which component of the brain is NOT composed of neural tissue? |
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thalamus |
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hypothalamus |
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anterior pituitary |
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posterior pituitary |
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all of these are composed of neural tissue |
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| 49 |
Which of the following hormones are secreted by neurons (neurosecretory cells) rather than epithelial cells? |
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oxytocin |
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antidiuretic hormone |
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GnRH (gonadotropin releasing hormone) |
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none of these |
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all of these |
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| 50 |
The anterior pituitary secretes all of the following except: |
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growth hormone |
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adrenocorticoctropic hormone |
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thyroid-stimulating hormone |
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prolactin |
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cortisol |
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| 51 |
Severe mental retardation could be the result of insufficient levels of what hormone(s) during the first few years of life? |
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prolactin |
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thyroxine and/or triiodothyronine |
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ACTH |
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ADH |
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PTH |
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| 52 |
A drug derived from which hormone could be a treatment for osteoporosis? |
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parathyroid hormone |
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T4 |
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calcitonin |
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ACTH |
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TSH |
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| 53 |
A decrease in the production of this hormone would result in significant water loss from the body: |
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oxytocin |
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epinephrine |
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cortisol |
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ADH |
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glucagon |
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| 54 |
Which endocrine gland(s) is/are not under the direct control of any pituitary hormones? |
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parathyroid gland |
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adrenal medulla |
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pancreas |
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all of these |
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a and b |
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| 55 |
What would happen if the parathyroid gland stopped producing PTH? |
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potassium levels in the blood would decrease. |
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blood glucose levels would rise |
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blood calcium levels would increase |
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body metabolic rates would decrease |
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none of these |
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| 56 |
Which hormone(s) are steroid hormones? |
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aldosterone |
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cortisol |
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estrogen |
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insulin |
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all except d |
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| 57 |
Acromegaly is a condition caused by: |
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excessive cortisol secretion |
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excessive thyroid hormone secretion |
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excessive growth hormone secretion |
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insufficient levels of aldosterone |
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insufficient levels of andrenal androgens |
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| 58 |
Excessive secretion of glucocorticoids is associated with: |
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diabetes mellitus |
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Addison's disease |
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Cushing's disease |
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cretinism |
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none of these |
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| 59 |
The mineralocorticoids, from the adrenal cortex, includes |
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cortisol |
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aldosterone |
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epinephrine |
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norepinephrine |
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none of these |
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| 60 |
In between meals or during a fast, cells in the islets of Langerhans secrete increased amounts of ____________. |
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glucagon |
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insulin |
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both |
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neither |
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| 61 |
The major anatomical and physiological link between the nervous and endocrine systems: |
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pituitary |
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hypothalamus |
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thalamus |
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pineal gland |
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none of these |
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| 62 |
Sources of androgens: |
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interstitial cells in the testes |
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adrenal cortex |
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both |
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neither |
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| 63 |
Which is the correct order for
the structures or regions that a scalpel cutting the kidney would pass
through? |
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cortex, capsule, medulla, pelvis |
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capsule, medulla, cortex, pelvis |
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pelvis, capsule, medulla, cortex |
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none of these |
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| 64 |
The blood vessel that delivers blood to the glomerulus: |
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renal artery |
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renal vein |
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afferent arteriole |
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efferent arteriole |
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peritubular capillary |
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| 65 |
The filtrate leaving the proximal convoluted tubules would next enter the: |
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Bowman's capsule |
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loop of Henle |
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collecting duct |
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glomerulus |
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none of these |
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| 66 |
Most of the length of a collecting duct would be found in: |
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the renal cortex |
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a renal pyramid |
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the renal capsule |
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the renal pelvis |
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none of these |
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| 67 |
If a proximal convoluted tubule were blocked, filtrate would accumulate in the: |
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renal pelvis |
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distal convoluted tubule |
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collecting duct |
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none of these |
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| 68 |
Which of the following is a function of the kidney? |
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regulation of the composition of body fluids |
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regulation of the volume of body fluids |
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stimulation of RBC production through the hormone erythropoietin |
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all of these are functions of the kidney |
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a and b only |
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| 69 |
Which of the following substances would NOT be filtered from the glomerulus into Bowman's capsule? |
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glucose |
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amino acids |
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water |
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RBCs |
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urea |
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| 70 |
Which of the following substances would be reabsorbed back into the blood from the nephron? |
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glucose |
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amino acids |
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sodium ions |
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all of these |
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none of these |
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| 71 |
As we gain control over voluntary urination, we learn to control the: |
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external urethral sphincter |
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internal urethral sphincter |
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ureter smooth muscle |
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none of these |
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| 72 |
Which of the following cell types are found as part of the seminiferous tubules? |
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cells of Leydig |
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Sertoli cells |
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spermatogonia |
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all of these |
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b and c only |
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| 73 |
In males, the urethra passes through the: |
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corpus spongiosum |
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prostate gland |
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corpora cavernosa |
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all of these |
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a and b only |
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| 74 |
When exposed to cold temperatures, the cremaster muscle: |
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contracts |
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relaxes |
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alternately relaxes and contracts |
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temperature has no effect on the cremaster muscle |
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| 75 |
In males, the foreskin (prepuce) covers which structure? |
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the glands of the penis |
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the glans of the penis |
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the penile shaft |
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none of these |
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| 76 |
In what structure(s) do meiotic cell divisions occur? |
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seminiferous tubules |
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ovarian follicles |
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prostate gland |
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all of these |
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a and b only |
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| 77 |
Before ejaculation, most of the sperm are in the: |
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seminiferous tubules |
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prostate gland |
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epididymis |
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urethra |
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seminal vesicles |
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| 78 |
Which of the following male reproductive structures is found both inside and outside the pelvic cavity? |
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epididymis |
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vas (ductus) deferens |
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ejaculatory duct |
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spongy urethra |
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| 79 |
Which hormone directly stimulates testosterone release from the interstitial cells of Leydig? |
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GnRH |
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FSH |
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LH |
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TSH |
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| 80 |
Most of the seminal fluid is produced by which two glands? |
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prostate and seminal vesicles |
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seminal vesicles and bulbourethral glands |
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bulbourethral glands and the testes |
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testes and epididymis |
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| 81 |
Functions of the seminal fluid include: |
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buffering the vaginal environment |
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providing nutrients for the sperm |
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stimulating sperm motility |
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all of these |
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a and b only |
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| 82 |
In males, the target structure(s) for FSH is: |
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interstital cells of Leydig |
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the anterior pituitary |
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seminiferous tubules |
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all of these |
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a and c only |
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| 83 |
The Sertoli cells: |
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secrete factors that stimulate sperm production |
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secrete FSH and LH |
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are found in the epididymis |
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produce testosterone |
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all of these |
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| 84 |
The hormone(s) directly controlling the secretory phase of the uterine cycle: |
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estrogen and progesterone |
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FSH and LH |
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GnRH |
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none of these |
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| 85 |
Of the follicle stages listed, which is the third to occur? |
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primordial follicle |
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primary follicle |
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corpus luteum |
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Graafian follicle |
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| 86 |
What event in the ovary triggers menstrual flow? |
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corpus luteum degeneration |
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ovulation |
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primary follicle development |
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the first meiotic division |
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| 87 |
In addition to the corpus luteum, which structure(s) secrete estrogen in females? |
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ovarian follicles |
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Fallopian tube |
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endometrium of the uterus |
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anterior pituitary gland |
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none of these |
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| 88 |
In a 28-day cycle, ovulation usually occurs on which day? |
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1st |
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5th |
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20th |
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28th |
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none of these |
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| 89 |
The smooth muscle layer of the uterus is called the: |
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perimetrium |
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endometrium |
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myometrium |
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cervix |
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| 90 |
The vulva includes: |
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the clitoris |
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the labia majora |
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the labia minora |
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all of these |
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b and c only |
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| 91 |
Fertilization usually occurs in the: |
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Fallopian tubes |
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uterine tubes |
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vagina |
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uterus |
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a and b |
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| 92 |
The homologous structure to the penis in the female is the: |
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clitoris |
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labia majora |
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labia minora |
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mons pubis |
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| 93 |
Which uterine structure projects down into the vagina?: |
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cervix |
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fundus |
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body |
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none of these |
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| 94 |
Structure(s) having one end that opens into the pelvic cavity: |
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|
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uterus |
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vagina |
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urethra |
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|
|
Fallopian tubes |
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| 95 |
Which hormone stimulates the ovary during the first half of the ovarian cycle? |
|
|
|
FSH |
|
|
|
GnRH |
|
|
|
estrogens |
|
|
|
LH |
|
|
|
progesterone |
|
| 96 |
The major hormone of ovulation: |
|
|
|
LH |
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|
|
estrogen |
|
|
|
progesterone |
|
|
|
oxytocin |
|
|
|
GnRH |
|
| 97 |
The mammary glands: |
|
|
|
consist of 15 to 20 lobes separated by adipose tissue |
|
|
|
have lobes containing grapelike clusters of milk-secreting glands known as alveoli, which are surrounded by "smooth muscle" (myoepithelial) cells |
|
|
|
have ducts that convey milk from each lobe to the exterior at the nipple (thus 15-20 ducts per gland) |
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|
|
are modified sweat glands |
|
|
|
all of these |
|
| 98 |
The corpus luteum does not degenerate if a women becomes pregnant because of stimulation by: |
|
|
|
estrogens from the embyro |
|
|
|
human chorionic gonadotropin hormone (HCG) from the embryo |
|
|
|
FSH and LH |
|
|
|
oxytocin |
|
|
|
cortisol |
|
| 99 |
What functional characteristic of the Fallopian tubes help the early embryo reach the uterus? |
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|
|
peristaltic contractions of smooth muscle within its wall |
|
|
|
the rhythmic movement of cilia on its epithelial lining |
|
|
|
both |
|
|
|
neither |
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|
|
|
|
| 100 |
Which of the following descriptions is correct? |
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|
|
the uterus is superior to the urinary bladder |
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|
|
the vagina is posterior to the uterus |
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both |
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|
neither |
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|